Oyster Reef Restoration, Germany Case Study

Case Study Components

Introduction to the site

Location: 53.65 N, 6.50 E

Observed ecosystem changes

Functional extinction of Ostrea edulis reefs

CLIMAREST Objectives

Re-establish self-sustaining Ostrea edulis reefs

Features of Borkum Reef Ground

Located in a Natura 2000 marine protected area, offering legal and ecological support for restoration activities.

Historically supported extensive populations of European flat oyster (Ostrea edulis), now nearly extinct due to overfishing, habitat loss, and disease.

Characterized by sandy and mixed sediments with suitable hydrodynamic conditions for oyster restoration.

Map indicating the location of Borkum Reef Ground, the location of the replication site.

Driving Factors and Motivations

The European flat oyster used to provide essential ecosystem services such as water filtration, habitat provision, and shoreline stabilization. Due to overfishing, habitat destruction, and diseases, the species became functionally extinct in the German North Sea by the early 20th century. The restoration actions are motivated by the need to recover these lost ecosystem functions, enhance biodiversity, and contribute to climate resilience.

Aims of restoration efforts:
  • develop scalable, science-based methods to restore self-sustaining Ostrea edulis reefs
  • support marine restoration tools, best practices, and coastal policy across Europe
Seafloor before
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Assessment Phase

Elements for Site Selection

Ecological, legal, and technical evaluations from the RESTORE project

Analyzed environmental suitability

    • Hydrographic surveys
    • Sediment sampling
    • Water quality 

Ran seasonal field experiments for oyster...

    • Growth
    • Survival
    • Health

Natura 2000 site designation provided legal protection from trawling activities

Die Crew der Heincke bringt die Austernkäfige mit Ankersteinen und Markierungstonnen nahe eines Windparks bei Helgoland aus. 

Im Rahmen des Projekts RESTORE vom Alfred-Wegener-Institut und Bundesamt für Naturschutz nutzen AWI-Biologen Austernkäfige, um die Lebensbedingungen der Europäischen Auster nahe eines Windparks vor Helgoland zu erforschen.
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Planning and Design Phase

Primary Objective: To restore self-sustaining and reproductively viable populations of Ostrea edulis in the German North Sea

Objective 2
Develop, test, and evaluate ecologically and legally sound restoration techniques
Objective 3
Establish and scale a pilot reef at Borkum Reef Ground (4–10 hectares) to support native oyster restoration

Germany Permits

German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN)

German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH)

The BfN has published a report reviewing the legal framework for European flat oyster restoration in Germany

Relevant EU Permits

EU Nature Restoration Law

  • Sets legally binding targets for restoration of degraded ecosystems
  • Member States are required to restore at least 20% of EU land and sea areas by 2030

Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC)

  • Requires strict protection and conservation measures for Natura 2000 sites

Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC)

  • Mandates achieving Good Environmental Status (GES) of marine waters

Developing Project Protocols

<em>Project protocols created by the German replication site
Project protocols created by the German replication site
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Implementation Phase

Implementation Process

Deploy the reef base and complete related underwater construction works

  • Base made of limestone boulders to mimic a natural reef base and provide protection from mobile sand and wave actions
  • The base was deployed using a multi-purpose vessel (MV Multrasalvor 4) 1

Place Ostrea edulis shells on top of reefs with divers to create potential settlement substrate

Introduce live oysters onto installed reefs using divers

  • Spat-on-shell oysters
  • Single seed juvenile oysters
  • Adult oysters

Monitoring and Data Collection Process

Ecological indicators measured

Presence of live oysters

Substrate coverage

Shell aggregation

Colonization by key benthic species

    • Examples: brown crabs, fish
Monitoring methods utilised at the replication site
Monitoring methods utilised at the replication site
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Ongoing Management, Monitoring, and Evaluation Phase

Initial results from the replication site

Major issues and problems encountered

High mortality of deployed oysters
Decrease predation pressure from brown crabs by strengthening skate populations
Limited availability of oyster seed
Hatchery infrastructure was in early development stages which restricted supplies
Challenging offshore conditions
Harsh weather, strong currents, and limited windows of calm sea hinder deployment and monitoring operations
Unexploded ordnance (UXO) survey requirements
UXO survey needed due to Germany's military history. Demanded extensive time, resources, and coordination.

References

1. Pineda-Metz SEA, Colsoul B, Niewöhner M, Hausen T, Peter C, Pogoda B (2023) Setting the stones to restore and monitor European flat oyster reefs in the German North Sea. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 33: 661-677. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3945